The Differences Between Adult And Adolescent Thinking Essay

From adolescence to late adulthood, our lives change drastically. Our goals, achievements and conceptions of life differentiate as we mature. As we grow older, we no longer concern ourselves with self-identity or the opinions of others, but instead we focus on our accomplishments and evaluate our life (if we lived a meaningful life). From adolescence to late adulthood, we experience different developmental tasks at a particular place in our life span. Our cognitive processes, such as how we think, remember, decide and perceive, change over time. There is a substantial difference between adult and adolescent thinking. Adult thinking differs in three ways from adolescent thinking: Practical, cognitive flexibility and dialectical thinking. Adults have more flexibility in their thought patterns, understanding that there are multiple opinions on issues, and that there is more than one way to approach a problem (Stassen Berger, 2014). Furthermore, the difference between adolescent and young adult reasoning is particularly obvious when it involves reasoning requiring the conjunction of emotion and logic. Adolescents try to figure out who they are in order to form a basic identity that they will build on throughout their life; whereas, older adults acquire a lifetime of self-knowledge, which leads to a more secure and complex understanding of themselves than at earlier ages. According to psychologist Jean Piaget, cognitive development is a progressive reorganization ofShow MoreRelatedThe Major Hormonal Changes That Occur During Adolescence1100 Words   |  5 Pagesspermarche during puberty. What factors influence the way adolescents respond? Describe the impact of puberty on parent–c hild interaction and the adaptive value of this change in adolescents’ relationships with their parents. During Adolescence children are transitioning into adulthood. At this time, both boys and girls are experiencing hormonal changes. 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The Concept Of Social Stratification - 893 Words

The concept of social stratification is quite complex. It involves categorizing a person into socioeconomic levels based upon one’s profession, wealth, social status, and perceived power. Such a stratification makes up a social hierarchy, which involves placing groups of people in a higher standing than another group, with fewer people being included into the ‘higher’ classes. These concepts were not always apparent, only developing as result of human influence. Using Sumer and Uruk as examples, one is able to witness evidence of the formation of some of the earliest forms of complex social establishments. Further, both early civilizations illustrate the emergence of social strata as a result of social organization through agriculture and skill specialization, which still influence social strata. As societies and cultures have evolved through millennia, it is evident that the social strata has increasingly become complex and more people are included into the lower ranks, while the most elite becomes a smaller group of individuals and increasingly powerful. Sumer is one of the earliest ancient civilizations, located in modern Iraq. It was during the Bronze Age that Sumer was permanently settled, around 5500 BC. To survive and flourish in their environment, Sumerians developed the practice of irrigation. Through irrigation the Sumerian agriculture was able to greatly develop, allowing for a continued rise in population that may have accumulated to over 10,000 persons (HoleShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of Social Stratification1290 Words   |  5 PagesSocial stratification can be simply defined by stating that it is a system in which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy (Macionis, page 224). 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3rd Millennium and Linguistically Diverse Communities free essay sample

[pic] PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY A step by step guide for promoting services to people from culturally and linguistically diverse communities Prepared by Migrant Information Centre (Eastern Melbourne) in cooperation with the MIC Health and Aged Care Working Group and the Migrant Communities Advisory Group August 2000 A. B. N. 27 084 251 669 Framework for a Promotional Strategy Identify the culturally and linguistically diverse communities in your catchment area Identify how your service can be seen to be relevant to culturally and linguistically diverse communities Identify gaps between your current service delivery and the cultural needs of people from culturally and linguistically diverse communities (e. g. undertake a cultural audit) Identify the current useage of your services by people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds Identify culturally and linguistically diverse communities with low useage rates Hold a focus group with communities with low and high useage rates to identify what they value about your service and how they heard about your service Develop an action plan to address gaps between your current services and the needs identified through focus groups and the cultural audit Choose appropriate mechanisms for promoting services to culturally and linguistically diverse communities (see attachment 1) Implement promotional activities Monitor useage rates by people from targeted culturally and linguistically diverse communities Identify the culturally and linguistically diverse communities in your catchment area MIC can supply demographic data by 1996 census collection districts as well as local government areas and settlement since 1996 based on Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs settlement database Identify how your service can be seen to be relevant to culturally and linguistically diverse communities MIC can assist services to identify the cultural needs of culturally and linguistically diverse communities through talking with your staff, arranging meetings between your staff and community leaders and referring staff to relevant literature Identify gaps between your current service delivery and the cultural needs of the communities (e. g. undertake a cultural audit) MIC staff can assist in undertaking a cultural audit e. g. through providing a framework, undertaking the audit in conjunction with your staff or referring to other agencies who could assist you Identify the current useage of your services by people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds Examine current useage figures from client records Identify culturally and linguistically diverse communities with low useage rates Compare useage to demographic data Hold a focus group with communities with low and high useage rates to identify what they value about your service and how they heard about your service MIC can assist through facilitating focus groups, assisting your agency to develop focus group formats or referring you to individuals who can assist Develop an action plan to address gaps between your current services and the needs identified through focus groups and the cultural audit MIC can assist through, for example, facilitating discussions or reviewing your action plans Identify mechanisms to promote your service to culturally and linguistically diverse communities based on MIC Promotional Strategy For example, ethnic press, meeting with community leaders, written information, information forums, etc. (See attachment 1) Implement promotional activities Monitor useage rates by targeted migrant communities Informing People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities of your service Ways of informing communities of your services include: †¢ Translated brochures, flyers and pamphlets using simple, concise language †¢ Ethnic radio programs including talk back radio programs Ethnic newspapers †¢ Community and social club newsletters †¢ Promotion through community and religious leaders and places of worship †¢ Information provided to bilingual GPs and language teachers who can then advise and refer their clients †¢ Information forums targeted at specific communities using bilingual staff and professional interpreter s †¢ Service providers visiting clubs, English classes and group meetings to highlight and talk about their services and how they can help people – professional interpreters should be used where necessary †¢ Promotion stalls at forums and community festivals Inviting community leaders to your service, to launches of new services, etc. Choosing the best mechanism for service promotion To choose the most appropriate mechanisms for promoting services, agencies need to have knowledge of the communities they are trying to reach and their access to information through ethnic media. For example, many elderly Armenian people in the Eastern Region speak Turkish so they do not listen to the Armenian radio program. A number of Chinese people have stated that they cannot listen to their radio program because it is broadcast at an inconvenient time. Therefore you can reach a wider audience through Chinese newspapers. A third example is the Greek community that has well developed radio coverage and television through channel 31. In choosing the medium for a particular community the MIC can assist you in choosing the medium that will maximise your services’ exposure. The assistance could be in the form of providing you with information on the most popular medium or introducing you to community leaders, etc. See Attachment 2 for contact details of ethnic media. Language |Press |Phone |Fax |Radio[1] |Phone |Fax |TV |Phone |Fax | |Afghan | | | | | | | | | | |Arabic |El Telegraph |9387 1590 |9387 9199 |3CR |9419 8377 | |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |Arabic |An Nahar |9383 7422 |9383 7399 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 |SBS |9949 2473 |9949 2473 | |Arabic |Al Bairak | | |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 | | | | |Cambodian | | | |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Chinese |Aust Chinese Age |9663 8181 |9663 3696 |2AC | |9654 1118 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |Chinese |Melb Chinese Post |9663 8455 |9663 8209 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 |SBS |9949 2473 |9949 2473 | |Chinese |The Tide |9329 8686 |9329 5088 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Chinese |Chinese Australian |9663. 833 |9663 1033 |3AW |9696 1278 |9690 0630 | | | | |Chinese |Chinese Commercial Weekly |9480 1919 |9480 1919 |3CW 1341am |9326 8002 |9329 9243 | | | | |Chinese |Aust Chinese Daily |9663 8045 |9639 2645 |3SER 97. 7fm |9796. 7977 |9796. 7745 | | | | |Chinese |Pacific Times |9639 2825 |96 39 2825 | | | | | | | |Chinese |Melb Asian News |9663. 2855 |9663. 2877 | | | | | | | |Chinese |21st Century Chinese News |9639 3429 |9639. 0857 | | | | | | | |Chinese |Asian Multimedia |9897 3663 |9897 3633 | | | | | | | |Chinese |Chinese Herald |9416 3888 |9416 2079 | | | | | | | |Chinese |The Independence Daily |(02)9283 2722 |(02)9283 5233 | | | | | | | |Croatian |Croatian Herald |9521 3366 |9482 2830 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 9417 1675 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |Croatian |Spremnost Croatian Weekly |(02)9150 4074 |(02)9150 4074 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Dari | | | |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Dutch |The Dutch Courier |9752 5953 |9754 7242 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 | | | | |Dutch |The Dutch Weekly |9439 0755 |9439 0733 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Filipino |Philippine Times |9689 2855 | |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 |SBS |9949 2473 |9949 2473 | |Filipino | | | |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |French |Le Courier Australien |(02)45771 0836 |(02) 4577 6726 |SB S |9949 2121 |9949 2120 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |French | | | | | | |SBS |9949 2473 |9949 2473 | |German |Neue Helmat und Well |9521 3366 | |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 |SBS |9949 2473 |9949 2473 | |German |Die Woche |(02) 9707 4999 |(02) 9708 6025 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Greek | | | |3XY |9495 1422 |9495 1424 |Mega | | | |Greek |Ta Nea (The News) |9495 1422 |9495 1422 |3AB |9347 8111 |9347 8969 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |Greek |Greek Times |9482 4433 |9482 2962 | | | | | | | |Greek |Melbourne |9481 7800 |9481 7800 | | | | | | | |Greek |Greek Herald |9486 9522 |9486 9858 | | | | | | | |Hungarian |Hungarian Life |9521 3366 |9521 3436 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 | | | | |Hungarian | | | |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Indonesian |Warta Berilia Aquilla |(02) 95608510 |(02)9560 8510 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 |SBS |9949 2473 |9949 2473 | |Indonesian | | | |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Language |Press |Phone |Fax |Radio[2] |Phone |Fax |TV |Phone |Fax | | Italian |II Globo |9481 0666 |9486 1412 |Rete Italia |9481 0666 |9486 1412 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |Italian | | | | | | |SBS |9949 2473 |9949 2473 | |Macedonian |Aust Macedonian Weekly |9471 3960 |9471 3961 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |Macedonian |Today denes |9404 2990 |9404 2990 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Macedonian |Macedonian Weekly Herald |5781 1999 |5781 0045 | | | | | | | |Maltese |Maltese Herald |9637 9992 |9682 1923 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 | | | | |Maltese | | | |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Persian/Farsi |Golbang (published monthly) |9894 2644 | |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Persian/Farsi |Golchin (published monthly) |9464 2228 |9464 2229 | | | | | | | |Polish |Polish Weekly |9362 0128 |9362 0108 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |Polish |Kurier Zachodni |9753 4035 | |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Portugese |Portugese Noticlas |(02) 9680 7877 |9680 8602 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 | | | |Portugese |O Portugese Na Australia |(02) 95685911 |9560 6044 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Russian |Unification |9521 3366 |9521 3436 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |Russian |Horizon |9369 4122 |9387 1461 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 |SBS |9949 2473 |9949 2473 | |Russian |Panorama |9578 0598 |9578 0598 | | | | | | | |Serbian |World Serbian Voice |9521 3366 |9521 3436 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 8465 | |Serbian |Novosti |9486 9522 |9486 9858 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Serbian |Vesti |9662 8555 |9662 8755 | | | | | | | |Spanish |Extra Informativo |(02) 9755 7938 |(02)9727 7102 |3ZZZ |9415 1930 |9417 1675 |SBS |9949 2473 |9949 2473 | |Spanish |Spanish Herald |9486 9522 |9486 9858 |SBS |9949 2121 |9949 2120 | | | | |Spanish |El Espanol |(02) 9585 9669 | | | | | | | | |Tamil |Eelamurasu |9457 6347 |9408 7303 |SBS |9685 2525 |9685 2519 |Ch 31 | | | |Tamil |Uthayam |9561 0242 |9561 0242 |3CR |9419 8377 |9417 4472 | | | | |Tamil | | | |3MDR |9713 1861 | | | | | | | | | | |9754 3390 | | | | | |Tamil | | | |3ZZZ |9415 1928 |9415 1818 | | | | |Turkish |Turkish Report |9464 7782 | 9464 7783 |3ZZZ |9415 1928 |9415 1818 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 5931 | |Turkish |Yeni Valan |(02) 9646 3039 |(02) 9643 2361 |SBS |9685 2525 |9685 2519 | | | | |Turkish |Zaman |9309 6168 |9309 7225 | | | | | | | |Vietnamese |TiVi Tuan San |9417 1292 |9417 0655 |PBS |9534 1067 |9534 5765 |Ch 31 |9663 5831 |9663 5931 | |Language |Press |Phone |Fax |Radio[3] |Phone |Fax |TV |Phone |Fax | |Vietnamese |Human rights |9419 6793 |9419 6793 |3ZZZ |9415 1928 |9415 1818 | | | | |Vietnamese |Viet Luan |9521 3366 |9521 3436 | | | | | | | |Vietnamese |Dan Viet |(02) 9892 4441 |(02)9726 5356 | | | | | | | |Vietnamese |Chieu Duong |(02) 9725 6444 |9725 6446 | | | | | | | |Vietnamese |TiVi Victoria |9795 2811 |9795 2944 | | | | | | | |Vietnamese |Thuong Nghiep Tuan Bao -Vietnamese golden guide Weekly |9421 0655 |9421 0881 | | | | | | | | [1] Check radio guides e. g. the Green Guide for times and days for language programs [2] Check radio guides e. g. the Green Guide for times and days for language programs [3] Check radio guides e. g. the Green Guide for times and days for language programs

Thomas Hardy Was An English Writer Who Was Born On June 2, 1840 In Hig

Thomas Hardy was an English Writer who was born on June 2, 1840 in Higher Brockhampton Doretshire, England (Something About the Author 129). Hardy wrote form personal knowledge and experiences, his characters were real people of the time and settings consisted of places he had been. Many Things influenced Hardy's writings throughout his life including his early life, work experiences and his first wife Emma Gifford Thomas Hardy did not begin his education until late in his childhood. He started to go to school at the age of eight years old and continued on through public school for eight more years. Following these eight years of general schooling Thomas went off to London to study at Kings College for five years after which his father, a stonemason, apprenticed him early to a local architect engaged in restoring old churches. The Royal Institute of British Architects awarded him with a medal because of the excellent work he had done as an architect (Dorset May 12, 1999). Thomas inherited his fathers business, but decided to give it to his brother Henry to take care of, which gave him more free time towards his passion of writing. Hardy worked for this architect for five years while at the same time took up poetry writing with little success. Thomas started writing many poems after he had completed his apprenticeship, but all were rejected except for one entitled "How I Built Myself A House." This particular piece of literature was initially written for the entertainment of his friends, yet somehow appeared in Chambers Journal in 1865 (Dorset May 12, 1999). After minimal success with poetry Thomas turned to novels as a more reasonable approach to financially supporting himself through writing. By 1874 he had achieved his goal and was now able to maintain a stable life. The novels he wrote were not directly written as books, but in fact they were mostly published in monthly sections through magazines (as were many famous books of the time). Hardy apparently had to partially fund his first story that was named "Desperate Remedies." "Under the Greenwood Tree" was his first truly successful novel that was published anonymously in 1872. (Dorset May 12, 1999) Hardy used many of the places he had been and things he had experienced so far in his life to write this particular story. For example: the local village school he attended when was a boy makes an appearance in the book. Thomas Hardy was considered to be a fairly sharp person and he noticed that the way he wrote "Under the Greenwood Tree" had a positive response, so he decided to continue to write in this manner. "In 1870 he met Emma Lavinia Gifford, sister-in-law of the vicar of St. Juliot in Cornwall to whom he had been sent to plan a church restoration." (Dorset May 12, 1999) At the time social standings usually affected who got married to whom, but in this case, despite her high social position, Emma and Thomas fell in love and became married four years later. After the success of his first novel Thomas was hired to write a novel for Tinsley's Magazine. The title was to be "A Pair of Blue Eyes" and in parts reflected his relationship with his wife and was published in 1873. This novel was well received by his audiences and after good reviews he began another story, "Far From the Madding Crowd." The setting was in Puddle Town where he had family, so he knew it well, but it was renamed in the story to Weatherbury; an example of how he used places he knew in his writings. "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" was published in 1891 (Something About the Author 129) and is considered to be one of his greatest pieces ever written. This story was recently made into a movie (1979) named Tess because of how popular this proclaimed story had been. The final novel written by Thomas Hardy was "Jude the Obscure" in which he subsequently stated that "...sexual attraction is a natural force unopposable by human will" (Microsoft Encarta "Hardy, Thomas"). English critics very harshly criticized "Jude the Obscure" and his wife Emma was outraged at him because "...she took this as an attack on the sanctity of

Getting the Most out of WritingForums.com

Getting the Most out of WritingForums.com If you are a writer looking for answers to your questions about writing, editing and publishing, WritingForums.com is a valuable resource. Privately owned and community managed, this website provides information on every aspect of writing, including fiction and non-fiction, poetry, the editing process, traditional publishing, and self-publishing. The website is forum-based, with over 20,000 members, 75,000+ threads, and over a million posts. WritingForums.com aims to offer a safe, friendly, and welcoming space where writers of all abilities can connect and learn from each others experiences. There are opportunities to ask questions, exchange tips, engage in discussions, and share resources.How it worksThis website is run for by members, for members, with many active staff and volunteers involved in making sure everything runs smoothly. Community members act as administrators, supervisors, mentors, and moderators, and theres a light-hearted, tongue-in-cheek page explaining what everyb ody does and how things run.Once youve signed up for a free member account you can start browsing the forums, asking questions and responding to others posts. You may want to start with the Introduce Yourself thread, where you can share as much or as little information about you and your writing as youd like to. When you click on a forum name, the top few posts will often be pinned posts laying out some basic rules and guidelines for posting in that particular forum. Next, you will see the posts that have had the most recent activity. Many forums are very active with a lot of discussions going on throughout the day. You can search each forum using the search tab on the top right of the page.The site offers both free accounts and paid subscriptions, and free members can upgrade to a paid subscription at any time. It takes a few minutes to make a basic, free account. In order to guard against spammers, new members will have certain features restricted until they have posted in the for ums at least 10 times. They cannot, for example, post any promotional content, or share their work to the creative boards in order to get feedback on their writing.The subscription service gives you immediate access to extra site features. Paid members can access hidden forums and a writers chat room. They can also share their writing and ask for feedback from other members. A one-month subscription currently costs just $3 (USD) and a yearly subscription is $25. Subscribers who offer relevant services (such as publishing or editing) may also promote themselves in the Outside Resources section and other areas, allowing them to connect with writers who may need their services.Navigating the siteMany of us have become accustomed to searching through Facebook groups and other social media threads to find the information we want. Compared to that, this type of forum-based site feels like a breath of fresh air. It is well organized, easily searchable, and simple to navigate. The forums ar e organized into broad categories, such as Community, Publishing and Verse, with clear titles, and one line descriptions, for each forum. Inside the forums, each thread has a title and a note of which member started the thread and when. You can quickly see how many replies there are and how recently each thread has been active.At the top of the homepage you can access various pages such as new posts, rules and FAQs. Theres also a page called Just Chill where you can go for off-topic discussions or to play some word games when youre on a writing break (or procrastinating). The whole site is searchable from a handy search bar at the top of every page.WritingThe Writing forums cover a range of topics including:General Writing DiscussionResearchPromptsChallengesWriting CompetitionsSPAG (spelling, punctuation and grammar)HATs (hints and tips)While there is a general writing related forum, there are also forums covering verse, prose (fiction and scripts), and non-fiction prose.PublishingT he forums within the publishing category are extensive and varied, offering information on a wide range of issues that writers and authors might encounter. They include:A general publishing discussionBeta readingEditingTraditional publishingSelf-publishingMarketingCalls for submissionsWriters with a range of experiences weigh in within the publishing forums, and it is possible to ask very specific questions. You can ask, for example, which cover design people prefer, or if other members have worked with a specific agent or publisher.Beyond the forumThis is a specific category allowing members to reach out to each other elsewhere, and share resources. It also facilitates supporting each others blogs and books, following each other on social media, and creating real-life writing groups. Topics include:Author InterviewsPodcastsReviews and recommendationsOutside resourcesThe blogrollNaNoWriMo supportOnce again, you will have to prove you are a genuine member (by posting 10+ times or buy ing a subscription) before you have access to many of these features.FeedbackOnce you have proved you are a genuine community member, the site gives you a few different ways to get the all-important feedback you need to grow and improve as a writer. You can share your short stories, novel excerpts and poetry in relevant threads, and ask for feedback from fellow members. The site provides some useful advice on presenting your story for online critique that you should read first. There is also an opportunity to ask direct questions of the Writers Forum mentors. The mentor directory lists experienced writers who are prepared to reach out and help new writers. You can view their area of interest and bio, and there is a link to message them directly with any questions you may have.CompetitionsMonthly competitions and challenges are run for both fiction and non-fiction. Non-fiction challenges include essays, journalistic articles, opinion pieces, memoirs and travelogues. Fiction competiti ons will focus on a theme, and community members are welcome to suggest one. There are strict rules regarding word count and how entries are to be submitted, which can all be found in the Challenges, Contests and Prompts category. Winners are given an award and a months free subscription, but just as valuable for many writers is the judges score and review, which is effectively free feedback and advice on your story or non-fiction piece.A few things to keep in mindForum-based websites like this are incredibly useful, but they are also very prone to spammers looking for writers to sell their products and services to. It is with this in mind that the site insists on the 10 post rule before unlocking aspects of the site that could be open to abuse. You can always get around the rule with a paid subscription, which is very reasonable, but if you dont want a paid subscription, you will have to be patient and build up your posts, by making meaningful comments on others threads. Short, mea ningless comments posted purely to meet the post count may be deleted. Do not be tempted to get self-promotional too early. You may well be marked as a spammer if you do. Sharing a link to your blog or book will be possible, once you have hit the 10-post mark, but even then make sure it is done in an appropriate way and within a relevant thread.Be aware that any writing you share on the creative boards will then be visible to other members and may be accessed by the general public. You always own the copyright to everything you have created, so this is not a problem, but do keep in mind how sharing your work here might affect future plans for publication or submission. Some publications will want work to be unpublished, and while posting in a forum for the purpose of feedback is not generally considered publishing, it is possible that some publications might not like the fact your work is freely available on the web. If you are sharing writing that is part of a novel, it is advisabl e to publish excerpts only. It is common practice to publish novel excerpts online or in print media in order to promote the work, but, with a few exceptions, it is not advisable to have your entire book available on a public forum. However, the site offers Workshops for members, which are not visible to the public or to search engines. This protects their future publishing rights.The site is carefully moderated and posts that are abusive or offensive should be reported to the moderators. There is a strong commitment to making these forums a welcoming, safe, and helpful place for writers of all different abilities and experience levels. There is a list of rules that are designed to make sure all members are respected and comfortable. Remember if you post a piece of writing for critique you may well get negative as well as positive feedback, but it should all be constructive and respectfully offered. Taking on board what people dont like about your writing, as well as what they do, i s part of how we all grow as writers. Both new and experienced writers have much to gain from a responsive and supportive platform like WritingForums.com.

Parode and Related Terms in Ancient Greek Plays

Parode and Related Terms in Ancient Greek Plays Parode, also referred to as parodos and, in English, the entrance ode, is a term used in ancient Greek theater. The term could have two separate meanings. The first and more common meaning of parode is the first song sung by the chorus as it enters the orchestra in a Greek play. The parode typically follows the play’s prologue (opening dialogue). An exit ode is known as an exode. The second meaning of parode refers to a side entrance of a theater. Parodes allow side access to the stage for actors and to the orchestra for members of the chorus. In typical Greek theatres, there was a parode on each side of the stage. Since the choruses most often entered the stage from a side entrance while singing, the single word parode came to be used for both the side entrance and the first song. Structure of a Greek Tragedy The typical structure of a Greek tragedy is as follows: 1. Prologue: An opening dialogue  presenting the  tragedys topic  that took place before the entry of the chorus. 2. Parode (Entrance Ode):  The entry chant or song of the chorus, often in an anapestic (short-short-long) marching rhythm or meter of four feet per line. (A foot in poetry contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable.) Following the parode, the chorus typically remains onstage throughout the remainder of the play. The parode and other choral odes usually involve the following parts, repeated in order several times: Strophà ª (Turn): A stanza in which the chorus moves in one direction (toward the altar).Antistrophà ª (Counter-Turn):  The following stanza, in which it moves in the opposite direction. The antistrophe is in the same meter as the strophe.Epode (After-Song): The epode is in a different, but related, meter to the strophe and antistrophe and is chanted by the chorus standing still. The epode is often omitted, so there may be a series of strophe-antistrophe pairs without intervening epodes. 3. Episode: There are several  episodes in which actors interact with the chorus. Episodes are typically sung or chanted. Each episode ends with a  stasimon. 4.  Stasimon (Stationary Song):  A choral ode in which the chorus may react to the preceding episode. 5.  Exode (Exit Ode):  The exit song of the chorus after the last episode. Structure of a Greek Comedy The typical Greek comedy had a slightly different structure than the typical Greek tragedy. The chorus is also larger in a traditional Greek comedy. The structure is as follows: 1. Prologue: Same as in the tragedy, including presenting the topic. 2. Parode (Entrance Ode): Same as in the tragedy, but the chorus takes up a position either for or against the hero. 3. Agà ´n (Contest): Two speakers debate the topic, and the first speaker loses. Choral songs may occur towards the end. 4. Parabasis (Coming Forward): After the other characters have left the stage, the chorus members remove their masks and step out of character to address the audience. First, the chorus leader chants in anapests (eight feet per line) about some important, topical issue, usually ending with a breathless tongue twister. Next, the chorus sings, and there are typically four parts to the choral performance: Ode: Sung by one-half of the chorus and addressed to a god.Epirrhema (Afterword): A satyric or advisory chant (eight trochees [accented-unaccented syllables] per line) on contemporary issues by the leader of that half-chorus.Antode (Answering Ode): An answering song by the other half of the chorus in the same meter as the ode.Antepirrhema (Answering Afterword):  An answering chant by the leader of the second half-chorus, which leads back to the comedy. 5. Episode: Similar to what takes place in the tragedy. 6. Exode (Exit Song): Also similar to what takes place in the tragedy.

Personal Creative Inquiry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Creative Inquiry - Essay Example This article describes garden as a favorite place to go when an individual wants to relax after a hard day. The earth’s smell is always very natural with some sweet smelling flowers. It provides a wonderfully cool place that enhances good feeling when someone is from a tough day work. Private gardens are always near homes thus boosting and setting mind for relaxation purposes because an individual is not required to either walk or drive long distance to his home after relaxation. Presence of joyfully singing birds, chirping locusts makes garden so peaceful and a natural place to be. It is also worth noting that an individual may experiment with the sense of touching by playing with diverse tangible sensations such as leaves, fruits, and stems thus enabling one to focus on things that are relaxing and renewing. From the gardens, an individual may further surround himself with energizing and invigorating smells by looking for comforting and calming scents such as smelling roses. Relaxing in the garden while the kids are playing around you is a very joyful and fulfilling act that takes someone’s mind away from the tiring job throughout the day. At times, it is very relaxing to dirty our hands by either pruning or just digging worms and picking strawberries for the kids since it makes an individual feel very elemental to the nature and the overall surrounding. Careful working on the garden makes gardeners feel like they are doing what they love most and a way of recovering some of the insubstantial things lost during busy days. My life is very satisfactory and I am doing a lot to help the underprivileged people in the society. I see myself as a president of a large manufacturing company with several employees. I live in a luxurious lifestyle where I can be able to buy anything and travel anywhere. I also have a classy mansionette and sport utility vehicles. My home has a big compound that is covered by very green grass,

Forensic mental healthcare module. critical analysis Essay tittle-

Forensic mental healthcare module. critical analysis tittle- VIOLENCE RISK AMONG PEOPLE WITH SEVERE PERSONALITY DISORDER - Essay Example There have been violence risk assessment schemes devised to measure the risk based on common standards (Webster and Hucker, 2007, p.44). Before exploring such risk assessment tools, it is paramount to understand the causes and nature of personality disorder and also the existing psychological theories on the same. Biological aspects The earliest reported diagnostic tendency in history, linked with personality disorders was to find a connection of heredity and genetics with the said disorder. It was Patrick (qtd. in Forrest, 1994) who carried out the â€Å"first comprehensive genealogical investigations of psychopathy and heredity† (p.70). The findings of that study as well as other studies that followed have suggested â€Å"between 50 and 70 percent of psychopaths have ancestral disturbance† (Forrest, 1994, p.70). Studies that were conducted in 1980s and 1990s also have proved the same (Forrest, 1994, p.71). The studies which investigated the biological aspects of perso nality disorder included twin studies, family studies, adoption studies, and also â€Å"criminality, male homosexuality and alcoholism† studies (Russell and Hersov, 1983, p.25). But there also has existed a counter argument, which says that there is no connection between heredity and psychopathy (Cloninger, Reich and Guze, 1975). An aberration in the chromosomal pattern was identified in early research as one aspect of the biological side of a personality disorder (Forrest, 1994, p.72). A study conducted â€Å"among mentally subnormal male criminals† had found that their genetic structure has an â€Å"extra Y chromosome† (Forrest, 1994, p.72). This genetic pattern has been named as â€Å"XYY genotype† and the characteristics of the individual having this chromosomal pattern have been described as â€Å"extreme episodic violence or aggression, low intelligence, behavioral pathology, and gonadal abnormalities† (Forrest, 1994, p.72). But more recent r esearch has refuted this assumed violence risk associated with XYY chromosome (Forrest, 1994, p.72). Another approach has been to link personality disorders to â€Å"brain damage and neurologic pathology† (Forrest, 1994, p.72). This is to suggest that a personality disorder is the result of a neurological disorder (Forrest, 1994, p.72). Further explorations in this direction have concluded that the major cause of a personality disorder is the damage to hypothalamus and this in turn might be the result of â€Å"hereditary or genetic factors as well as intrauterine or post-birth head trauma† (forrest, 1994, p.72). Hare (1970) has made another interesting observation in which it is argued that a psychopath often has lesions inside the brain, which impair the psychopath’s skill to control behavior which may invite social disapproval. Psychological perspectives & theories From a psychological point of view, personality disorders can be defined as personality â€Å"s ystems that are poorly functioning and/or inefficiently adapting to the requirements of contemporary society† (Magnavita, 2004, p.3). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM- IV) has defined a personality disorder as â€Å"an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment†

Limiting the Extent of Party Discipline in Canada Essay Example for Free

Limiting the Extent of Party Discipline in Canada Essay Party solidarity and cohesion have always been an integral part of the Westminster Parliamentry system. The leaders of the political parties of the Canadian House of Commons , with the assistance of whips, very strongly discipline their party members to vote on issues as a single entity, especially in plenary sessions (Olson, 2003). Although, some degree of party discipline is essential for any political party to maintain their power as they require the confidence of the majority of the legislative branch of the government, this practice does not really reflect a democracy. This paper argues that implememnting a large extent of party discipline undermines the spirit of democracy as the politicians become more concerned with appeasing their party leaders for their personal benefits, instead of truly representing the desires and demands of the citizens of their respective constituencies. As mentioned previously, it is argued that strict party discipline is necessary to ensure that the current governnig party maintains its power since a vote of non confidence in the House of Commons can ultimately lead to federal re-election, or re-appointment of the prime minister. However, as Kilgour et al. rgue in Crosscurrents: Contemporaty Political Issues (2013: 205), enforcing strict cohesion strategies to ensure party unity leads to members of Parliament to become extreamly passive as they no longer think for themselves, but merely conform to the demands of their party leaders. Their opinions and thoughts are constrsained by a fear of a loss of majority in the House Of Commons. It is very crucial for any political party to value and respect the opinions of its members to assess a situation more closely and obtain diverse opinions. However, strong party discipline stifles the values and opinions of individual members of party. Consequently, this diversity of imagination is replaced by a single unit of party that reflects a single, rigid opinion on most issues. This devalues the sense of liberty and freedom that is cherished by democracy. Often times, it is observed that the members of a party vote in a similar fashion, not just to ensure a majority confidence motion, but also to derive personal gains. If a member of parliament wishes to advance their political career and gain quicker promotions, he or she muct act according to the command of their party leaders (Kam, 2006). Expression of dissent from the MPs can have dire consequences for their career. They can be warned about the lack of financial support, or even be ultimately expelled from the party caucus. Kam (2006) also suggested that the promotion of ministers is greatly manipulated by the prime minister to ensure maximum conformation to the partys position. Sometimes, certain ministers of parliament are deliberately brought into the cabinet as it is too dangerous to leave them as a backbencher (a member of House of Commons) where they can openly challenge and vote against the position of the leader of the political party. This suggests that the deliberate promotion, or demotion, ministers of parliament is not due to their, merits or demerits, but is rather strategically devised to overall benefit the party. In addition, the vote of the members of the House of Commons not only does not represent the opinions of individual ministers, but also it not a representation of a members unyielding and unconditional loyalty to his or her party. Rather, it is a conscious decision to vote according to the wishes of the party leader to maintain the imge of conformity and ensure personal gains and benefits for the members of parliament, which would reward in the form of more opportunities to ascend the political ladder and make personal and professional gains that do not particularly benefit the citizens of the consituency that elected the member of parliament. It is unquestionable that voting in the Canadian House of Common is extremely disciplined and very highly regulated by emloying various methods. The study of the patterns of recorded votes shows that majority of votes show almost no dissent from the party members. Also, rejection of major government motions due to dissent of the members of the House of Commons is extremely rare (Malloy, 2003). Canada operates on a system of majoritarian parliamentary government. Cohesion of political parties is very essential to maintain a majority rule by ensuring that vote of non confidence is not ever issued (Kam, 2001). Due to this constant threat of the possibility of loss of majority and formation of a coalition, political parties are very strongly disciplined by their leaders. A coalition governmet is not necessarily always detremental. It can help to foster more cooperation in different political parties and compel the members of a party to consider the opinions and views that are different from the ideology shared by their party. It also provides an opportunity for a greater debate and consideration before arriving at a common decision. Maintaining strong party discipline just to eliminate the possibility of the formation of a coalitions limits the possibilities for political experimentation and possible positive growth. The change is not just welcomed, but also deliberately resisted using the traditional practice of oppressive party discipline. The members of parliament are elected by, and are required to respresent the citizens of their respective constituencies. The common vision shared by their party and party leader may or may not reflect the wishes of the citizens. The first and foremost duty of an MP is to cater to the needs and the demands of the citizens who democratically elected him or her. The loyalty to ones party should be a secondary priority. However, as observed, most times, this is not the case. This severely debilitates the sole purpose of a democratic government which demands the citizens voice and opinions to be heard above all others. Although some degree of party discipline may be required to control and maintain cohesion within the House of Commons to propose policies and arrive at a firm decision, it does not really encompass democratic ideas. Party discipline compells the members of a party to not pay heed to the needs of the citizens, but to blindly follow the demands made by their party leaders. This practice is also morally questionable as the political success of ministers of parliament is largely based on their loyalty to the partys alues, even if they contradict his/ her personal opinions. Instead of being constantly threatened by the possiblity of losing the confidence of the majority of the House of Commons, fundamental changes need to be made to change the Westmister Parliamentry structure to alter, if not eliminate, this system that makes it almost mandatory for the parties to implement rigid party discipline. Limiting the extent of the party discipline would help to make the Canadian government more democratic by accomodating more diverse ideas and opinions.

Analysis of a Local Day Care Essay -- Local Nurseries

This report analyses the strengths and weaknesses of a local day care which is registered on the Early Years Register and is located in Derby, UK. It is called Happy Day Nurseries Ltd. This report is based on the inspection dated 18/04/2015 and focuses on quality and standards of the early years provision, the compliance of the early year’s provider to meet the needs of children and the contribution to the well being of children and the effectiveness of the leadership and management of the early years provider. The previous inspection, carried out in Oct 2014 was graded as good. It was brought forward as a result of concerns raised regarding lack of curriculum planning and safety issues and has been termed as inadequate for failing to provide children with an acceptable standard of education. The inspector observed children and staff in each of the four nursery rooms and found inconsistencies in delivery of educational programme across the nursery. The inspector found planned activities uninspiring and failed to motivate children. The Statutory framework 2012, recommends each area of learning and development must be implemented through planned, purposeful play and through a mix of adult-led and child-initiated activity. It was found that staff does not consistently encourage children’s communication, language skills for the youngest children in particular. Due to very less communication in the toddler room, very young children did not gain the necessary skills to move on in their learning. There were inconsistencies found in the practice planning and delivery of the educational programmes and teaching in different rooms. The local daycare provider may be in breach of their obligation of igniting children’s curiosity ... ...andards in Education. (2012). Raising Standards Improving Lives. [online]. Available from: http://www/ofsted.gov.uk/ [Accessed 15 January2014] Office for standards in Education. (2013). Inspection report. [online]. Available from: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/CARE/EY440265 [Accessed 10 January2014] Pugh, G. and Duffy, B. (2009). Contemporary Issues in the Early Years. (5th ed). London: Sage. Robins, A. and Callan, S. (2010). Managing Early Years Settings: Supporting and Learning Teams. London: Sage. Rodd, J. (2006). Leadership in Early childhood: the path way to professionalism. (3rd ed). Maidenhead: O.U. Stogdill. (1998) and Mann. (1959). ‘ Leadership in the Early Years: areview of the literatuire’ In Whalley ,M. E and Allen, S. (2011) Leading Practice in Early Years Settings. Exeter: Learning Matters

How to support positive outcomes for young people Essay

If children are to achieve positive outcomes in life, it is essential that their rights are promoted are protected, they are entitled to: Equality, Inclusion and Diversity. The Definitions of the following are: Equality; opportunities to develop and learn, while their physical and emotional safety and well being are protected. Inclusion; access to appropriate settings and the experiences they offer. Diversity; acknowledgement of and respect for their individuality. Promoting positive outcomes for children depends on promoting Equality, Inclusion and Diversity in ways which are appropriate to their individual characters and requirements. Each school must produce a range of policies which formally set out the guidelines & procedures for ensuring equality. These must take account of the rights of all individuals & groups within the school. When considering the way policies work to ensure equality & inclusion, we often just think of the teaching & learning that is happening within the classroom. Policies must also pay regard to the values & practice which are part of all aspects of school life. The rights of all children & young people are stated in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). The UK government ratified the treaty in 1991 & must ensure that the rights of children in the UK are protected through law. Two examples of different policies are: Special Educational Needs & Disability Act 2001 Makes it unlawful for educational providers to discriminate against pupils with a special educational need or a disability. Disability Discrimination Act 2005 Places a duty for schools to produce a Disability Equality Scheme (DES) & an access plan. Schools must encourage participation in all aspects of school life & eliminate harassment & unlawful discrimination. I have chosen to include these two policies as I agree with them for a start and it gives children so many more opportunities to learn normally without being discriminated or bullied. Children need stability within their working area especially those with a disability or impairment. And with these policies in place it will help schools to achieve this to the best of their ability therefore helping the children achieve to high standards.

Why Should Drunk Drivers Be Severely Punished

There are many rule violation occur everyday in town, especially when it comes to vehicle. Some may break the rule of driving before 17-year-old. Others may drive when they are drunk. It is not quite sure which one is more dangerous, however, this essay shall explore some reasons why drunk drivers should be severely punished. Firstly, drunk drivers are absolutely forbidden since it can cause a wreak havoc in the street. Furthermore, the condition can also claim many innocent lives. People who do not realize how dangerous it is to drive while they are drunk should be given a proper education about driving.For instance, if one has a formal education about driving before they jumped to the street, they would have a better understanding about the dangerous of driving when they are drunk than those who do not receive the education. Secondly, drunk driving can not only claim innocent lives, but also can inflict financial loss to one state. Imagine how much that must be paid to fix the brok en street or other public facilities just because of one’s carelessness. In fact, it can also spend months or maybe years to rebuild the facilities.For example, if one drunk driver accidentally hit a prestigious hotel, the quantity of loss may be unthinkable to rebuild the hotel. Finally, they should be convicted to prevent if they would do the same thing again in the near future. There are many reasons to support the statement, one is to enhance the drivers’ vigilance when they are driving in the street. As a matter of fact, one would stop to repeat their mistakes if they have been penalized. In a nutshell, it is clear that drunk drivers should be severely punished from the reasons mentioned above. In my opinion, people should not drive when they are drunk to save themselves and others.

buy custom Equal Voting Rights essay

buy custom Equal Voting Rights essay Firestone succinctly describes the torturous journey that characterized the radical quest for the recognition of womens rights (2). The leaders of the movement wanted special attention to be given to women just as it was given to matters of race, color and servitude history. The radical leaders worked tirelessly to collect signatures as well as convince fellow women and likeminded people to work towards the noble course. This entailed moving from door to door, and from one town to the next, while at the same time bearing the blunt of meager funds and logistical challenges. Among those spearheaded the movement includes Elizabeth Candy and Susan Antony, who were delegates to National Labor Union Convention in 1868. At this time, efforts to mobilize female labor into associations that could fight for their rights had not yet recorded any signs of success. The association of the Womens Rights Movement (WRM) with Abolitionist Movement is what made it attain its militant attributes. The leaders of the movement were women who had lost their civil rights by virtue of getting married. In fact, the legal structure of the country had declared them dead upon marriage. Those who maintained their civil rights are those who chose not to marry. Even for these one, the ride was not smooth since they had no right to even sign their own wills. After divorce, women could not have custody of the children that they had sired during the marriage. The radical nature of the WRM can best be understood in the context of prevailing circumstances thatwomen were exposed to economically, socially and politically. Women were not allowed to attend school or college. One had to depend on a little knowledge of this skill or the other, often acquired in informal settings, for sustenance. The militarization of the feminist movements was closely linked to the anti-slavery sentiments that had been expressed for many years. Through the work of Abolitionist Movement enabled women to become aware of their rights, to understand the slavery that they had been living in. The political power that the WRM acquired through militant-like agenda was threatening to tear the country into pieces. For this reason, the political class had to pause and listen to the inequality sentiments that angered women throughout the country. The prevailing system seemed incapable of pretending to be democratic any more. It is amazing that feminine sentiments were aired for the first time during the civil war although women were easily persuaded to pursue other cause. If they had not been persuaded, the WRM history would have acquired a completely different history. The American reactionary forces had a strong influence such that without some element of militancy that reminded these forces of the civil war, womens rights concerns would not have gotten any attention in either the congress or House of Representatives. According to Catt, it took women 52 years of endless campaigns in order to have instances of the word male deleted from the American constitution. (44) During this time, 56 referenda were carrie4d outt, 480 campaigns were conducted in order to have legislatures submit suffrage amendments right to where voters were. 47 more campaigns were conducted in order to facilitate the process through which woman suffrage was written in state constitutions. In order for women suffrage planks to be obtained, 277 campaigns in support of party conventions were held (45) Friedman is of the view that contrary to popular beliefs, male chauvinism was not the main motivation for the cause of Womens Rights Movement, although it was a contributing factor (19). However, the influence of male chauvinism became more critical when the underlying forces, all of them constituted by men, worked towards suppressing the Womens Rights Movement. During the 19th century and before, the right for men to rule was so entrenched, absolute and unquestionable that even men took it for granted. It was as the Divine Right of Kings had been at one point in history of western civilization. After all, the laws of the land sanctioned it. Anyone calling for the mildest form of reform could not win through any other means short of militancy. The politics of the Womens Rights Movement took radical approach right from the beginning, in the mid-19th century, thanks to memberships of its leaders in temperance and abolitionist movements. Anti-suffrage forces were ready battle the abolitionists by all means necessary aware of this fact, the feminists had to take on a militant approach in order to assert their determination to fight for their right place in the American society. Buy custom Equal Voting Rights essay

Thomas Nast, Famous 19th Century Political Cartoonist

Thomas Nast, Famous 19th Century Political Cartoonist Thomas Nast is considered the father of modern political cartoons, and his satirical drawings are often credited with bringing down Boss Tweed, the notoriously corrupt leader of the New York City political machine in the 1870s. Besides his scathing political attacks, Nast is also largely responsible for our modern depiction of Santa Claus. And his work lives on today in political symbolism, as he is responsible for creating the symbol of the donkey to represent Democrats and the elephant to represent Republicans. Political cartoons had existed for decades before Nast began his career, but he elevated  political satire into an extremely  powerful and effective art form. And while Nast’s achievements are legendary, he is often criticized today for an intensely bigoted streak, especially in his depictions of Irish immigrants. As drawn by Nast, Irish arrivals to America’s shores were ape-faced characters, and there’s no obscuring the fact that Nast personally harbored a deep resentment toward Irish Catholics. Early Life of Thomas Nast Thomas Nast was born September 27, 1840, in Landau Germany. His father was a musician in a military band with strong political opinions, and he decided the family would be better off living in America. Arriving in New York City at the age of six, Nast first attended German language schools. Nast began to develop artistic skills in his youth  and aspired to be a painter. At the age of 15 he applied for a job as an illustrator at Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, a very popular publication of the time. An editor told him to sketch a crowd scene, thinking the boy would be discouraged. Instead, Nast did such a remarkable job that he was hired. For the next few years he worked for Leslie’s. He traveled to Europe where he drew illustrations of Giuseppe Garibaldi, and returned to America just in time to sketch events around the first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln, in March 1861. Nast and the Civil War In 1862 Nast joined the staff of Harper’s Weekly, another very popular weekly publication. Nast began to portray Civil War scenes with great realism, using his artwork to consistently project a pro-Union attitude. A devoted follower of the Republican Party and President Lincoln, Nast, during some of the darkest times of the war, portrayed scenes of heroism, fortitude, and support for the soldiers on the home front. In one of his illustrations, â€Å"Santa Claus In Camp,† Nast portrayed the character of St. Nicholas dispensing gifts to Union soldiers. His depiction of Santa was very popular, and for years after the war Nast would draw an annual Santa cartoon. Modern illustrations  of Santa are  largely based on how Nast drew him. Nast is often credited with making serious contributions to the Union war effort. According to legend, Lincoln referred to him as an effective recruiter for the Army. And Nast’s attacks on General George McClellan’s attempt to unseat Lincoln in the election of 1864 was no doubt helpful to Lincoln’s reelection campaign. Following the war, Nast turned his pen against President Andrew Johnson and his policies of reconciliation with the South. Nast Attacked Boss Tweed In the years following the war the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City controlled the city government’s finances. And William M. â€Å"Boss† Tweed, leader of â€Å"The Ring,† became a constant target of Nast’s cartoons. Besides lampooning Tweed, Nast also gleefully attacked Tweed allies including the notorious robber barons, Jay Gould and his flamboyant partner Jim Fisk. Nast’s cartoons were astoundingly effective as they reduced Tweed and his cronies to figures of ridicule. And by portraying their misdeeds in cartoon form, Nast made their crimes, which included bribery, larceny, and extortion, understandable to nearly anyone. There is a legendary story that Tweed said he didn’t mind what the newspapers wrote about him, as he knew many of his constituents wouldn’t fully comprehend complicated news stories. But they could all understand the â€Å"damned pictures† showing him stealing bags of money. After Tweed was convicted and escaped from jail, he fled to Spain. The American consul provided a likeness which helped to find and capture him: a cartoon by Nast. Bigotry and Controversy An enduring criticism of Nast’s cartooning was that it perpetuated and spread ugly ethnic stereotypes. Looking at the cartoons today, there is no doubt that depictions of some groups, particularly Irish Americans, are vicious. Nast seemed to have had a deep distrust of the Irish, and he was certainly not alone in believing that Irish immigrants could never fully assimilate into American society. As an immigrant himself, he was obviously not opposed to all new arrivals in America. Later Life of Thomas Nast In the late 1870s Nast seemed to hit his peak as a cartoonist. He had played a role in taking down Boss Tweed. And his cartoons depicting Democrats as donkeys in 1874 and Republicans as elephants in 1877 would became so popular that we still use the symbols today. By 1880 Nast’s artwork was in decline. New editors at Harper’s Weekly sought to control him editorially. And changes in printing technology, as well as increased competition from more newspapers that could print cartoons, presented challenges. In 1892 Nast launched his own magazine, but it was not successful. He faced financial difficulties when he secured, through the intercession of Theodore Roosevelt, a federal post as a consular official in Ecuador. He arrived in the South American country in July 1902, but contracted yellow fever and died on December 7, 1902, at the age of 62. Nast’s artwork has endured, and he considered one of the great American illustrators of the 19th century.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 28

Ethics - Essay Example Unethical behavior in the workplace can be defined as any action that does not confirm with the standards of conducts established by the organization, this unethical behavior can occur between the employees. The following example will explain better the impacts of unethical behavior in a business organization. At one occasion, one of my colleagues entered my room and expressed his desire to apply for the leave. The leave was marking 5 working days of the month, I explained to him that in this month it’s almost impossible to apply for such a long leave and the CEO would cancel his application for the leave. He insisted me to talk to the CEO and somehow convince him, I refused and told him that already few applications were rejected, he thought that I was making an excuse and was not trying hard for him, on my second refusal he just rushed out of my room and made his way towards the CEO‘s room, to talk to him about my unprofessional behavior. The CEO called me and asked for an explanation, I told him the whole situation, he was convinced later and asked me to be polite next time with the employees. In this situation, I was not responsible for what happened but the employee’s unethical behavior for complaining about me without any reason. This incident started a non-cordial relationship with that employee and the work that we shared soon started to get affected. Unethical behaviors in the office environments has always made negative impacts on the environment, employees and the employer, it affects the work and behavior of the organization thus leading to negative progress in the

The Principles of Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Assignment

The Principles of Beneficence and Nonmaleficence - Assignment Example The treatment that could be offered to her is radiation and chemotherapy, which are not the solutions or cures for the disease but only extending the life cycle of the patient. Therefore, the goals of the treatment are not concerned with the reversal of the health conditions, but for the preservation of life to the maximum extent possible. In totality, the patient cannot really escape the fact that her life is going to end shortly, maybe within the next few years. Medication is a method of prolonging her life, to a certain extent and not complete restoration, in her case. The patient is evidently, well informed and capable in terms of mobility and mental conditions. She is completely competent, because of the facts that she had worked in the medical field previously and also since she had noticed the mass and the severe pain and had taken the initiative to approach a professional, rather than perhaps subsiding it. The patient confesses that she suspects she is a victim of cancer and therefore, asks the medical student to tell her the truth. She is also aware of the fact that the doctors might, after all, not inform her about the disease and diagnosis, in case it is cancer. The patient has not yet been informed about the disease and she is yet to receive the confirmation of her apprehension that she has cancer. The very fact that the patient quite willingly and readily agreed to undergo the surgery, without posing a problem conveys that the patient was cooperative and trusted her doctors. However, on the whole, we see that the patient's desire to be informed and share the knowledge of the doctors, regarding her condition is in all probability not met with. Therefore, one can draw the conclusion that the ethics and laws governing medicine have not been met with. Had the patient been an ignorant and non-cooperative person, the best alternative could be giving treatment and keeping the patient in the dark. But since the patient is from a medical background herself and is well aware of the situation, it is most ethical to inform her about it and give treatment with mutual cooperation.

S there a genuine right to have children, and if so how far does it Term Paper

S there a genuine right to have children, and if so how far does it extend Explore either the question of an individual r - Term Paper Example This paper is a critical evaluation of the human’s natural right to have children as a comparative debate on different socio-economic and political scenarios of different countries. Genuineness of Right to Have Children This question is, perhaps, the most personal one for most people. Having a child is the most basic reason behind legitimate relationships between male and female by form of marriage in all the demographic groups. It is a subject under the religious and cultural jurisdiction of the mankind. Many societies, even if it is a part of an overpopulated country, have a greater speculation on the outcome of a marriage and they think it is the most basic success signal of an adult’s life. According to some suggestions, â€Å"associated with the right to marry is the right to have children, if one chooses, without arbitrary governmental interference.† (Keetley &Pettergrew 212). Since the term ‘marriage’ is a closer associate of religious and cul tural fashions of people, the need for respecting the expectations about marriage becomes a responsibility of the couple. In such a scenario, the need for relating this very question to the social and religious norms of civilized communities across the world is of prime importance. An exploration into the argument to support birth control policies and individual rights to decide the number of children should travel through the studies of different countries and cultural groups besides the influence of many ethical and religious factors facing the human life. Moreover, the entire world today is focusing on the reservations on unprepared pregnancies by adopting medical and spiritual measures to curb the problem of unwanted births for the safety of dignity of even the unborn children from being thrown to desperate living conditions owing to the present day social conditions. Social implications of birth rate rise According to Duane, from the political point of view, the standardization of the population of a country by limiting the birth rate is meant for its economic sustainability and the retained capability to provide educational and employment opportunities to its citizens. There are evidences of some developments in the field of classified breeding for a better generation in countries like America. If scientific approach to quality control of human community is an option for some countries, strict regulations on limiting the birth rate is a choice for countries like China, whose single child policy is a strong example of the government’s intervention in the individual choice of having children. However, there are drastic effects on the social balance when certain governments implement such policies. Situations in some countries worsen in the spiritual and social prospects along with the increasingly biased approach of parents towards girl children. Most people prefer a choice of male children for their assumed financial and social security concerns to girls by indirectly causing a dip in the sex ratio. From a humanistic perspective, it is the right endorsed to every individual to have the natural right to reproduce. All the developments in the world today are the result of such passages of generations.

Child rights based juvenile justice system in Bangladesh

Child rights based juvenile justice system in Bangladesh Juvenile delinquency is a burning issue and relatively a new phenomenon in the criminal and human rights jurisprudence. The juvenile of the world are innocent, vulnerable, and curious, full of hope, and belongs to thrill, aspirations, ambition and what not. In face the future of the juvenile should be shared and cared in the light of equality, dignity and social justice with a view to protecting and promoting the best interest of the child in general. The situation of juvenile delinquency in Bangladesh is very critical in nature. The Convention on the Rights of the Child and other relevant international standards for dealing with juvenile offenders provides a rough but broadly adequate framework for any national system. However, Bangladesh is lagging behind in implementing international juvenile justice standards and the domestic legal initiatives for the protection of juvenile offenders are not adequate somehow and to some extent, these are not consistent with the spirit of the Conv ention of the Rights of Child. Next to non-implementation of laws, the mindset and approach of the people to child offenders are crucial factors that require attention. This essay at the outset, considers the implications of genuine protection of the rights of juvenile offenders. It also discusses some dilemmas for national legislation and the impact of the relevant international instruments on such legislation. Finally the present study has been carried to find out how a child rights-based approach can advance to provide true dignity and justice for child offenders in Bangladesh. Historical background of juvenile delinquency: Delinquency was available throughout all the time. In ancient Britain, even seven years old boys were tried, convicted and punished as adults. There was no special treatment for them, a hanging was a hanging. In Norway, for example, a thirteen century penal code specifies that adult might lose both hands if stealing, children only one (The Council of Europe,2004:13). However, United States of America is one of the pioneer countries on juvenile justice. Social reformers started to create special facilities for troubled juveniles in the late nineteenth century. Though Illinois introduced a separate system of criminal justice in 1899, much had changed by 1909 when Judge Julian Mack famously proposed in a Harvard Law Review article that a juvenile offender should be treated as a wise and merciful father handles his own child (Scott and Laurence, 2008:16). Yet the provision of special court and treatment was soon replicated throughout the country and spread aboard in Britain(1908), France (1912), Spain(1918), The Netherlands(1921)(The Innocenti Digest, 1997:10) Today most of the states of the United Nations have a separate court system for the children accused of an offence. They have the right to treatment that takes full account of their age, circumstance and their needs. The courts generally handle two types of juvenile offender: The delinquent child who has committed an act that is a crime for adult under state law. On the other hand, status offenders are considered unruly and uncontrolled beyond their legal guardian (Siegel and Welsh, 2008). A multitude factors exist that contribute to the understanding of what leads to engage in delinquent behavior. It is also true certainly social factors like poverty, illiteracy, broken homes; lack of employment, peer pressure, lack of parental guidance can be the best root causes to explain juvenile delinquency in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh no separate juvenile justice law exists. The 1974 Children Act is the main law concerning children in Bangladesh, but it deals both with children in need of protection/care as well as children in conflict with the law on one hand, other laws, such as the Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Suppression of Violence against Women and Children Act, on the other hand, also contain provisions regarding children in conflict with the law (UNICEF, n.d.).At present, there are three specialized juvenile courts established in the country and three specialized institutions for the detention of child offenders, which have been renamed as the Child Development Centers among them, two centers for boys are located in Tongi and Jessore and the girls centre is in Konabari (ibid) Definition of a juvenile in Bangladesh: contradictions and dilemmas The definition of child is not uniform in the laws of Bangladesh. Different laws have defined children in different ways. According to the section 2(f) of the Children Act 1974 defines a child as a person under the age of sixteen for the purpose of juvenile justice system administration. Nonetheless, UN Convention on the Rights of Children defines as any person under the age of 18 years. In addition the Bengal Vagrancy Act in section 1(3) explains a child as a person less than 14 years. According to the Women and Children Repression Prevention (Special Provisions) Act, 2000 amended in 2003 furthermore, defines a child as a person under the age of 16 years It is indeed to say that as far as proper functioning of the juvenile justice system is concerned the determination of age is extremely important. However in regard to criminal offence committed by a child, the laws in Bangladesh are to some extent ambiguous. To determine the age of criminal responsibility section 82 of the Penal Code 1860 says that nothing would be an offence, which is done by a child under nine. Surprisingly in the same statute section 83 provides, nothing is an offence which is done by a child above seven years of age and under twelve who has attained sufficient maturity to understand the nature and consequence of the act'(Ministry of Law and Parliamentary Affairs, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh 1860). So it is one of the difficulties of criminal justice policy to provide the legal mechanism to reflect the transition from the age of childhood innocence and through the maturity and the full responsibility under the criminal law. The article 40 CRC asks the states to establish a minimum age below which children shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law (Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989). The treaty does not spell out at which precise age the line should be drawn though committee monitoring the implementation of the Convention has expressed the concern about the low age in several countries (Hammarberg 2008:194). Rule 4.1 of the Beijing Rules provides, in those legal systems recognizing the concept of the age of criminal responsibility for juveniles, the beginning of that age shall not be fixed at too low an age level, bearing in mind the facts of emotional, mental and intellectual maturity (United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, 1985). These international standards unfortunately are not followed in the courts of Bangladesh as there is no uniformity in the definition of a child. In concern with this the Committee on the Rights of the Child in its concluding observations of 2003 expressed over the limited progress achieved in establishing a functioning juvenile justice system throughout the country(UNICEF, n.d.). International legal framework for a child rights oriented juvenile justice: The major international conventions dealing with juvenile justice secures the protection of a child in conflict with law and urges for special action in accordance with the nature and circumstance of the offence. Juvenile justice has become an international issue with the UNCRC coming into force in 1990. Articles 37 clearly states, No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishmentEvery child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and in a manner which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age (Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989). In addition, article 40 connotes, States Parties recognize the right of every child accused of infringing the penal law shall be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the childs sense of dignity and worth, which takes into account the childs age and the desirability of promoting the childs reintegration in society (ibid). These special provisions also focus on several rights like, right to be informed, rights to a fair trial, right to legal assistance and so forth. This convention is binding legally on Banglad esh and operates as hard international law. Apart from CRC, there are three other important UN sponsored documents dealing explicitly with the standards and guidelines for the treatment of children coming with the conflict of law. The Beijing Rules conveys the basic procedural safeguards for a juvenile offender, such as the presumption of innocence, the right to be notified of the charges, the right to remain silent, the right to counsel, the right to the presence of a parent or guardian, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses and the right to appeal to a higher authority (United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, 1985). Riyadh Guidelines moreover, call for a child centered orientation and child development perspective to prevent delinquency that directly refers to adoption of the preventive policies facilitating the successful socialization and integration of all children and young persons, in particular through the family, the community, peer groups, schools, vocational trai ning and the world of work as well as through voluntary organizations (Krech,1998), whereas the other charter urges for a juvenile justice system that should uphold the rights and safety and promote the physical and mental well-being of juveniles (UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Liberty, 1990). Besides, there are additional documents which are often referred to in any discussion on Juvenile Justice, for instance, Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners of 1955, UN standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures of 1999 etc. It is important to note that Bangladesh is not a signatory party of these international instruments for juvenile justice, but it is morally bound with the provision of these guidelines and directions for the betterment of the juvenile. . Human rights violation of the juveniles in conflict with law in Bangladesh: In Bangladesh, according to the Children Act 1974 and also the Code of Criminal Procedure, children can only tried by juvenile court and no trial can be held with the adults. The trial shall be held in camera i.e. only people directly involved in the case and officer of the courts can be present during the trial. Even the report of the probation officer or any other report considered by the court shall be treated as confidential and publication of report of the proceedings, photograph of the child leading directly and indirectly the identity of such child is prohibited. But these provisions have been rarely followed in trying a juvenile delinquent. The juvenile justice system in the country remains in a chaotic situation as there are dozens of judgments convicting the youth offenders under the Children Act 1974, although there cannot be any punishment to children under 16(The Daily Star,2007) If it appears to the court the accused is a child, the court shall make an inquiry to determine the age of the child. In the absence of birth registration practice, the judicial officers have to depend on mere speculation or, medical certificates of the child. Section 48 states that if a child arrested is under 16 years old, the police officer may release him on bail (The Children Act 1974). But the reality tells something else. A study by Odhikar it was found that in 2001 in Dhaka Central Jail 7% of the children arrested with adults on suspicion under section 54 of the Code of the Criminal procedure 1898 had been in custody for more than 2 years (Chowdhury, 2006). In 2002, a 14year old boy was released from prison in December after two and half year in custody. The child was arrested in a blanket sweep against criminals and never charged with any offence (US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2004).In July, 2005 the Dhaka Metropolitan Magistrate Court released a nine year s old boy from criminal case after investigators from a local human rights organization noticed him during a regular prison visit (US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2005). After the arrest of the child, neither the probation officers are informed by the police nor are the guardians found with the help of probation officers. For the protection of best interest no child would be tried, detained with adults and sentenced with life imprisonment. Nonetheless, the issue of joint trial of a child with an adult has been in a number of cases. For example, in Shiplu and another vs. State (1997), Shiplu a boy of 14 years old was tried with his mother for killing a woman under section 302 under the Penal Code 1860. They were convicted with the District Court and sentenced to imprisonment for life. In the appeal preferred by Shiplu, the conviction of the trial court was invoked by appellants advocate to be set aside for two reasons, Shiplu was a child at the time of the trial and the trial of him was not taken place in a juvenile court. Therefore the Appellate court accepted the disposition of the appellants lawyer and issued an order that the conviction as given b y the District court would be set aside. In reference with this, a report shows approximately 347 children were imprisoned (some with their mothers) despite laws prohibiting the imprisonment of minors (US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2009) The governments human rights record remained poor, and the government appeared to be inactive to assist the rights of the child offender. Even other concerned authorities including the judges of the court seem to be very careless to take into account the domestic laws of Bangladesh. In 2004, a 3-year-old child, accused in an attempted murder case, surrendered before Court of Chief Metropolitan Magistrate and prayed for bail (The Daily Star,2004). A research conducted on ten child offender sentenced under the Penal code in Bangladesh shows that the youthful offenders were kept in the jail custody with the adult prisoners and most of them were detained in the District Jail not in the child development centers, even no probation officer visited them during the pendency of the legal procedures (Malik, 2007:41-42) If a child has been kept in the child development centre, he can exercise his rights to education, leisure; participate in training, cultural activities and so on, unfortunately poor administrative and logistic support lead to a hindrance to protect the best interest of the child in such centers. The probation officers dont submit the report to assess the improvement of children regularly and the inmates are not produced on the scheduled day before the court (Khan and Rahman, 2008:83-84) As Bangladesh is one of the state parties of the CRC, it is obligatory for the state to undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative, and other measures for the implementation of the rights of the children in conflict with law. The child rights oriented juvenile system does fit to a country like Bangladesh to fulfill, protect and promote the rights of the children. Though there are some challenges still remaining, I would like to argue that child rights based juvenile justice framework would be very reliable to explore youth justice in Bangladesh through transparent use of resources, CRC centered policies and the collaboration of the actors. What is a child rights based juvenile justice system: The initial idea behind a juvenile justice system is that children in trouble with the law should be helped rather than punished. Central to the concept of the juvenile court was the principle of parens patriae. This means that instead of lawyers fighting to decide guilt or innocence the court would act as parent or guardian interested in helping the child (Family law,n.d.). The child rights based juvenile justice is a holistic approach basically prioritizes the principles of non discrimination and equality (article 2, CRC), well being of the child (Article 3, CRC), and participation, voice and volunteerism (article 12, CRC). It implies the progressive realization of the rights of the juvenile offender through the separate judicial mechanism and special treatment with a view to facilitating human dignity and integrity. It hold the powerful accountable to come up with the child centered legislations and policies and allocate budget and more resources for the delinquent. The child rights based juvenile justice seeks to improve the quality, responsiveness and relevance of the institutions and services like child oriented judiciary and probation office, well equipped correctional centers etc. Besides, a child friendly juvenile justice framework intends to change awareness, attitudes, behavior, practices, norms, and values in the society by the sensitization and training of different sections. However a question can come into play whether the offender would go unpunished in this framework. The procedures under a child rights based approach may recognize the damage to the victim and it should make the juvenile offender understand that the deed was not acceptable (Hammarberg 2008:194). But the main difference with the ordinary criminal justice is that child rights juvenile system doesnt advocate for retributive procedure and encourages to establish responsibility of the actors to promote rehabilitation and re-integration (ibid). Tools of structuring rights based juvenile justice system: Child rights juvenile justice needs a wide range of tools to achieve concrete and sustainable results for children wellbeing. It works to get duty bearer to fulfill their obligation and to support children to claim their rights. The State is required to render appropriate assistance additionally to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities, thus ensuring that the capacity of families to act as the first line of protection of children is enhanced (Pais, 1999:13). Initiating legal reforms: Necessary amendments in regard to the national juvenile laws need to be brought into the line with the standard laid down by CRC. For instance, under the Children Act urgent reforms should be made to consider everyone below the age of eighteen years (Khan and Rahman, 2008:103). In Uganda, specialized family and children courts with informal settings and speedy trial procedure have been established for rehabilitating the children in the society (Roy and Wong, 2006:45).In Bangladesh the national legislation doesnt recognize the principle of diversion that needs to be maintained with the provision of community based rehabilitation, NGOs involvement, etc, even it does not urge for the establishment of a child ombudsman office. These legal reforms are in the core of child rights based youth justice. However, Bangladesh government started to concentrate to a new national social policy on models of care and protection for children in conflict with the law has been drafted to address both ch ildren in conflict with the law and children in children of protection (Ahmed and Islam, 2010:281). Providing adequate legal aid: Most of the children who come in conflict with law in Bangladesh come from very poor families who dont have the ability to engage counsel for their defense. Article 40, UNCRC notes that he child is entitled to have legal or other appropriate assistance in the preparation and presentation to defend him. In accordance with the convention the strategy under child rights model accounts the government to provide free legal assistance to the vulnerable children to ensure the fair and prompt trial. Child friendly Court environment: In Bangladesh, in the children development centres there are separate courts for children which are in comparison to other criminal courts more favorable for the children. But very few cases are heard there. Majority of the cases tries in the ordinary criminal court with adverse court environment and the required special procedure specified in the Children Act is not followed. The child is not heard and he is not allowed to participate in the court proceedings as well. The child rights oriented court system identifies the duty of police, judge, and public prosecutor and broadly the governments by allocating resources and providing trained actors(judges, police etc) to compose an informal court environment that secures the participation of the children and secondly promotes the establishment of laws, procedure in favor them in coordination with article 40(3), CRC. Serving facilities in the juvenile development centers: The centers in Bangladesh lack facilities for correctional activities. The curriculum for the vocational training is not up to date, the instructors are not skilled enough and the officials lack skill to deal with the children who need special care and attention. One 10year old boy was found killed in the Juvenile Development Centre with his throat slit and another one reportedly died in a clash between prisoners'(Odhikar,2008:2). In this context, the juvenile rights based youth justice demands to incorporate counseling, modern trade for the correction centres and arrangement of training for the centre employees including the probation officer. Duty of the NGOs, INGOs and Social Welfare Departments: The NGOs with shelter home can secure the protection of a child in conflict with law. They have the duty to provide free legal aid and act on behalf of a juvenile. In Vietnam Save the Children (Sweden) approached by the Ministry of Justice for technical assistance developed the capacity of staff in various relevant agencies like police, prosecutors, judge and the officials of mass organization and initiated programs to ensure familiarity with UNCRC, international standard, divergence between police policy and practice on the ground(Roy and Wong,2006:76).The new child rights concept involves a shift to justice and entitlement of the children and acknowledges immediate survival and development of them by making the duty holder accountable. So, the probation officers under the Social Welfare Department are bound to exercise their power and perform their duties properly to train the offender and rehabilitate them in society. Necessity of training and sensitization: Protection of the best interest of the child by community service: The Beijing Rules specify care, guidance, probation services, and community services as non custodial sentencing options in section 18. In accordance with the international norms, community service asks the child to provide service to the community as means of punishment or restitution and allows juveniles to remain with their families. The rights focused juvenile justice can address the community service in Bangladesh as a meaningful method in which young people can see the benefits of their works Inter-agency collaboration: Children justice plannings in Bangladesh seek the involvement of a wide range of people from various institutions, government department and the society including judiciary, police, probation officer, stakeholders, community leaders, social welfare personnel, staff of UNICEF to promote the integration of a child offender. International guidelines emphasis the importance of inter ministerial and inter departmental coordination to improve the quality of institutional treatment of the children as well (section 26, The Beijing Rule and section 60, Riyadh Guidelines) Challenges to develop a child rights based juvenile justice model in Bangladesh: To me, it is relative early stage to build up a child focused juvenile justice system successfully. Ideologically it is associated with neo-liberal agenda and in Bangladesh context; some encounters may hinder the process of the development of rights based approach to youth justice in Bangladesh. Lack of available resources: This approach binds the government with their effective efforts to promote the rights of a child offender inside and outside the court by the maximum use of resource. Establishing well functioning juvenile courts and national council for children, effective mechanism for birth registration programs and other promotional activities demand a high profile budget which may slow down the process of child development. Absence of coordination among stakeholders: In Bangladesh different stakeholders have been carrying out many activities in the area of pro child manner juvenile justice. Though the enthusiasm is high, these activities have often been proved to be sporadic in nature due to the lack of coordination among them. Deficiency in monitoring role of authorities: In the courts of Bangladesh there is no provision as well as facilities to monitor the progress of the dispositional orders. Thats why when the child is placed out at home, it becomes almost impossible to supervise his condition whether he gets involved with another offence or he is able to enjoy his rights. Lack of political will or commitment of the duty bearers with limited public accountability: I like to conclude that there is a light of hope that during the recent years government and other NGOs have been working hard to improve the human rights condition of the child offender. The juvenile correctional centres, which were, in practical terms, jails for young boys allegedly involved in criminal activities, were transformed into child development centres that tried to promote more humane approaches towards treating the children in the centres and to acknowledge their role as active citizens( Judge,2007:28).. However the government intends to consider those children who are detained in jail, not the children who have been back in their families (Khan and Rahman, 2008:103). However the rights oriented approach does not allow separation among the children and reveals to aid the best interest of child regardless of their birthplace or status Therefore I like to reckon that it is an approach that can be successfully filtered to inspire, persuade and support states in discharging their obligation to juvenile offenders rights in Bangladesh.